There were no reported complications during parturition. All wolves were fed exotic canine formulated diet #5MN2 (, Nutrition International, Inc., Brentwood, MO 63144, USA) ad libitum and were supplemented with a moist canned food temporarily at the time of weaning. The animal was housed with six other conspecifics including four littermates in a natural substrate outdoor enclosure with access to several den boxes. Case 1Ī captive bred male red wolf pup of 6 months of age presented for evaluation of progressive lameness of the thoracic and pelvic limbs, joint swelling, and decreased body condition over the course of nine days. This report describes the presentation, diagnosis, and management of HOD in one red wolf ( Canis rufus) pup and the presentation and management of suspected HOD in a second pup. While once considered extinct in the wild in 1980, reintroduction programs have since established a small population in the Southeastern United States of America. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) currently lists the red wolf as critically endangered. The disease has been well documented in domestic canines ( Canis lupus familiaris), and there have also been reports of the disease in domestic cats ( Felis domesticus) and Iberian lynx ( Lynx pardinus). Nutritional, infectious, vaccine-associated, and congenital causes have been implicated in the development of this disease however, the exact pathogenesis remains unknown. Affected animals may exhibit signs of discomfort, lameness, and general malaise related to the condition. Altered vascularity, necrosis, suppurative inflammation, and modeling of bone at the affected metaphyses have been described. Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD), also referred to as metaphyseal osteopathy, is a developmental disease affecting the metaphyses of bones in young growing animals.
In light of these two case reports, HOD should be recognized as a developmental orthopedic disease in growing red wolves. Further diagnostics were not pursued in this case to confirm the diagnosis, and the clinical signs persisted for 4 weeks. Radiographs revealed bilateral medullary sclerosis and smooth periosteal reaction affecting multiple long bones, suggestive of HOD. A second red wolf pup of 4.5 months of age presented for evaluation of lethargy, kyphotic posture, and swollen carpal and tarsal joints. Metaphyseal periosteal bone proliferation persisted until the animal was humanely euthanized several years later for poor quality of life associated with bilateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture. The pup improved following treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, opioids, and supportive care over the course of 4 weeks. Biopsies of affected bone revealed medullary fibrosis and new bone formation. Radiographic evaluation revealed medullary sclerosis centered at the metaphyses of multiple long bones, well-defined irregular periosteal proliferation, and ill-defined lucent zones paralleling the physes, consistent with hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD).
A 6-month-old red wolf ( Canis rufus) pup presented for evaluation of progressive thoracic and pelvic limb lameness, joint swelling, and decreased body condition.
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